Panama
AI behavior law: bot and agent disclosure, crawler and training-data rules, automated-agent transactions, and algorithmic decision-making.
Summary
Panama has a modern data-protection law (Ley 81, 2019, in force March 2021) enforced by ANTAI. The Codigo Penal Arts. 289-292 criminalise unauthorised entry into databases or computer systems (2-4 yr imprisonment), with aggravation for public institutions and profit motive. Copyright is governed by Ley 15 de 1994 (closed exception model; no TDM exception; databases protected under copyright if original selection/arrangement). No sui generis database right. Public-page crawling of non-personal, non-copyrighted content carries low risk; personal-data scraping triggers Ley 81 consent obligations and ANTAI enforcement; scraping behind authentication or after circumvention of technical measures triggers criminal exposure under Art. 289.
Automated-access legality
Carried forward from the crawler-law index. Governs whether automated clients may access public websites in this jurisdiction.
| Dimension | Value |
|---|---|
| Authorization test | without permission |
| Public-page carve-out | unsettled |
| Terms-of-service browsewrap enforceable | notice dependent |
| Terms-of-service clickwrap enforceable | yes |
| Copyright exception model | closed list |
| Text and data mining — commercial status | prohibited |
| Text and data mining — opt-out mechanism | none |
| robots.txt legal weight | non binding notice |
| AI training-specific law | none |
| Privacy regime | Ley 81 de 2019 / ANTAI |
| Trespass to chattels | not recognized |
Last reviewed: 2026-05-23. Confidence: medium. Not legal advice.