Sweden
AI behavior law: bot and agent disclosure, crawler and training-data rules, automated-agent transactions, and algorithmic decision-making.
Summary
Sweden presents a moderate-risk crawling environment with a clear EU-baseline framework. Brottsbalken 4:9c (dataintrång) requires overcoming a technical protection measure or accessing without authorisation; public pages without technical barriers carry no criminal risk. The EU sui generis database right is codified in §49 of Upphovsrättslagen (URL). Sweden transposed the DSM Directive effective 1 January 2023 (SFS 2022:1725), adding sections 15a and 15b — a general TDM exception with a machine-readable opt-out for commercial TDM (Art. 4), and a narrower research exception (Art. 3). Robots.txt constitutes an appropriate machine-readable reservation under §15a. GDPR applies through IMY (Integritetsskyddsmyndigheten); personal data on public pages is protected. The EU AI Act is binding from August 2025, reinforcing the TDM opt-out framework for GPAI providers. No Swedish court has specifically ruled on public-page scraping as of the as_of_date.
Automated-access legality
Carried forward from the crawler-law index. Governs whether automated clients may access public websites in this jurisdiction.
| Dimension | Value |
|---|---|
| Authorization test | security mechanism bypass |
| Public-page carve-out | yes |
| Terms-of-service browsewrap enforceable | notice dependent |
| Terms-of-service clickwrap enforceable | yes |
| Copyright exception model | tdm dual track |
| Text and data mining — commercial status | with optout |
| Text and data mining — opt-out mechanism | robots txt |
| robots.txt legal weight | statutory |
| AI training-specific law | binding |
| Privacy regime | GDPR |
| Trespass to chattels | not recognized |
Last reviewed: 2026-05-23. Confidence: medium. Fast-moving area — verify before relying. Not legal advice.