37 of 37 scored fields populated.
Higher = stronger statutory transparency requirements.
Panama's national fiscal transparency framework rests on the Código Fiscal (1956), the constitutional Contraloría General de la República (Const. 1972 Arts. 279-284), and Ley 22/2006 de Contrataciones Públicas (reformed by Ley 153/2020). The Contralor General is elected by the Asamblea Nacional for a 5-year term (Const. Art. 280). The Contraloría exercises pre-audit (refrendo) power and manages the PanamaCompra e-procurement portal. Ley 6/2002 mandates proactive disclosure including a Citizen Budget. Ley 129/2020 established Panama's beneficial ownership registry — a direct post-Panama Papers reform. Panama is dollarized (USD functional currency since 1904). No IFI or legislative budget office exists. CPI 2025: 33/100. National PEFA assessment last conducted in 2013.
Transparency Requirements
Budget Publicationmax 12 pts
| Budget publication required |
✓ Yes
|
| Budget published online |
✓ Yes
|
| Budget publication timeline |
76 days before fiscal year
|
| Machine-readable budget format |
No
|
| Draft budget required before adoption |
✓ Yes
|
Expenditure Disclosuremax 12 pts
| Expenditure disclosure required |
✓ Yes
|
| Expenditure granularity |
department
|
| Public expenditure portal required |
✓ Yes
|
| Expenditure reporting frequency |
quarterly
|
Independent Auditmax 12 pts
| Audit required |
✓ Yes
|
| Auditor independent of entity |
✓ Yes
|
| Auditor selection method |
elected
|
| Audit frequency |
annual
|
| Audit reports public |
✓ Yes
|
| Audit scope |
financial performance
|
Contract & Procurementmax 10 pts
| Public bidding required |
✓ Yes
|
| Contract publication required |
✓ Yes
|
| Bid award disclosure |
✓ Yes
|
| Beneficial ownership disclosure |
✓ Yes
|
Debt & Liability Disclosuremax 10 pts
| Debt disclosure required |
✓ Yes
|
| Pension liability disclosure |
No
|
| Contingent liability disclosure |
✓ Yes
|
| Voter approval required for new debt |
No
|
Fiscal Reporting Frequencymax 10 pts
| Interim reporting required |
✓ Yes
|
| Interim reporting frequency |
quarterly
|
| Year-end report deadline |
90 days after fiscal year
|
| Citizens budget required |
✓ Yes
|
Enforcement & Oversightmax 10 pts
| Non-compliance penalties |
✓ Yes
|
| Fiscal oversight body |
No
|
| Whistleblower protections |
No
|
| Legislative budget office |
No
|
Revenue & Tax Transparencymax 8 pts
| Tax expenditure reporting |
✓ Yes
|
| Revenue forecasting required |
✓ Yes
|
| Tax rate publication |
✓ Yes
|
| Fee schedule publication |
✓ Yes
|
Compensation & Payrollmax 8 pts
| Salary disclosure required |
No
|
| Salary disclosure scope |
—
|
| Pension benefit disclosure |
No
|
| Overtime reporting |
No
|
Capital & Asset Disclosuremax 8 pts
| Capital plan required |
✓ Yes
|
| Asset inventory required |
No
|
| Surplus asset disposal transparency |
No
|
All Fiscal Transparency Laws
