Seychelles
Constitution of Seychelles 1993 (am. 2017) + Public Finance Management Act 2012 + National Audit Act 2010 + Public Procurement Act 2008 + Access to Information Act 2018
Constitution of the Republic of Seychelles 1993 (Third Amendment Act 2011; as amended through 2017) Chapter VII -- Finance; Public Finance Management Act 2012 (Act No. 3 of 2012); National Audit Act 2010; Public Procurement Act 2008; Access to Information Act 2018 (Act No. 4 of 2018)
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Seychelles presents as the strongest fiscal governance framework in batch 15b by CPI measure (68/100, rank 24/182 -- exceptional for SSA) and the only country with auditor_selection='appointed_independent' (Constitutional Appointments Authority; current AG: Mr. Gamini Herath, afrosai-e.org.za confirmed). The primary statute suite -- PFMA 2012, NAA 2010, Public Debt Management Act 2008, and ATI Act 2018 -- was enacted as structural benchmarks under the 2008-2013 IMF EFF following a sovereign debt default. PEFA 2017: PI-1=A (expenditure outturn), PI-28=B+ (in-year reporting), PI-29=A (annual financial reports), PI-18=B+ (legislative scrutiny); PI-30=D+ (external audit -- critical weakness), PI-24=D+ (procurement). The FPAC, chaired by the Leader of the Opposition (nationalassembly.sc confirmed 2026-04-19), combines budget and audit scrutiny for the unicameral 35-member legislature. NOT in OBS (structural small-state absence; population ~100,000; obs_surveyed=False). OGP since 2018 (Action Plan 2 fiscal IRM 'No data'). Three 2025 PEFA drafts (Standard, Gender, Climate) not yet public. Score: 48 (lower bound; 'weak-limited' boundary; +1 vs cluster baseline from auditor_selection='appointed_independent'; expected 51 once PFMA 2012 timeline and NAA 2010 yearend deadline confirmed in Phase 4).
Transparency Requirements
Budget Publicationmax 12 pts
| Budget publication required | ✓ Yes |
|---|---|
| Budget published online | ✓ Yes |
| Budget publication timeline | — |
| Machine-readable budget format | No |
| Draft budget required before adoption | ✓ Yes |
Expenditure Disclosuremax 12 pts
| Expenditure disclosure required | ✓ Yes |
|---|---|
| Expenditure granularity | department |
| Public expenditure portal required | No |
| Expenditure reporting frequency | quarterly |
Independent Auditmax 12 pts
| Audit required | ✓ Yes |
|---|---|
| Auditor independent of entity | ✓ Yes |
| Auditor selection method | appointed independent |
| Audit frequency | annual |
| Audit reports public | ✓ Yes |
| Audit scope | financial performance |
Contract & Procurementmax 10 pts
| Public bidding required | ✓ Yes |
|---|---|
| Contract publication required | ✓ Yes |
| Bid award disclosure | No |
| Beneficial ownership disclosure | No |
Debt & Liability Disclosuremax 10 pts
| Debt disclosure required | ✓ Yes |
|---|---|
| Pension liability disclosure | No |
| Contingent liability disclosure | No |
| Voter approval required for new debt | No |
Fiscal Reporting Frequencymax 10 pts
| Interim reporting required | ✓ Yes |
|---|---|
| Interim reporting frequency | quarterly |
| Year-end report deadline | — |
| Citizens budget required | No |
Enforcement & Oversightmax 10 pts
| Non-compliance penalties | ✓ Yes |
|---|---|
| Fiscal oversight body | No |
| Whistleblower protections | No |
| Legislative budget office | No |
Revenue & Tax Transparencymax 8 pts
| Tax expenditure reporting | No |
|---|---|
| Revenue forecasting required | ✓ Yes |
| Tax rate publication | ✓ Yes |
| Fee schedule publication | No |
Compensation & Payrollmax 8 pts
| Salary disclosure required | No |
|---|---|
| Salary disclosure scope | — |
| Pension benefit disclosure | No |
| Overtime reporting | No |
Capital & Asset Disclosuremax 8 pts
| Capital plan required | ✓ Yes |
|---|---|
| Asset inventory required | No |
| Surplus asset disposal transparency | No |